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Tampilkan postingan dengan label Computing. Tampilkan semua postingan
Apa itu Internet ?
Sobat pastinya tau kan tentang yang namanya internet ? kalo' ngga tau kebangeten dah, masak yang biasanya nemenin nongkrong yang biasanya nemenin waktu lagi iseng* masa ngga tau ?? mungkin sobat blogger semuanya tau apa itu internet, tapi apa sobat tau sejarahnya ?? kalo belum tau,, silakan baca artikel "Internet ?" dibawah ini :
Selamat Membaca :
- Sejarah Internet
Sejarah internet dimulai pada 1969 ketika Departemen Pertahanan Amerika, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA) memutuskan untuk mengadakan riset tentang bagaimana caranya menghubungkan sejumlah computer sehingga membentuk jaringan organik. Program riset ini dikenal dengan nama ARPANET.
Pada 1970, sudah lebih dari 10 komputer yang berhasil dihubungkan satu sama lain sehingga mereka bisa saling berkomunikasi dan membentuk sebuah jaringan. Tahun 1972, Roy Tomlinson berhasil menyempurnakan program e-mail yang ia ciptakan setahun yang lalu untuk ARPANET. Program e-mail ini begitu mudah sehingga langsung menjadi populer.
Pada tahun yang sama, icon @ juga diperkenalkan sebagai lambang penting yang menunjukan "at" atau "pada". tahun 1973, jaringan komputer ARPANET mulai dikembangkan ke luar Amerika Serikat. Komputer University College di London merupakan komputer pertama yang ada di luar Amerika yang menjadi anggota jaringan Arpanet. Pada tahun yang sama, dua orang ahli komputer yakni Vinton Cerf dan Bob Kahn mempresentasikan sebuah gagasan yang lebih besar, yang menjadi cikal bakal pemikiran internet. Ide ini dipresentasikan untuk pertama kalinya di Universitas Sussex.
Hari bersejarah berikutnya adalah tanggal 26 Maret 1976, ketika Ratu Inggris berhasil mengirimkan e-mail dari Royal Signals and Radar Establishment di Malvern. Setahun kemudian, sudah lebih dari 100 komputer yang bergabung di ARPANET membentuk sebuah jaringan atau network. Pada 1979, Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis dan Steve Bellovin, menciptakan newsgroups pertama yang diberi nama USENET. Tahun 1981 France Telecom menciptakan gebrakan dengan meluncurkan telpon televisi pertama, dimana orang bisa saling menelpon sambil berhubungan dengan video link.
Karena komputer yang membentuk jaringan semakin hari semakin banyak, maka dibutuhkan sebuah protokol resmi yang diakui oleh semua jaringan. Pada tahun 1982 dibentuk Transmission Control Protocol atau TCP dan Internet Protokol atau IP yang kita kenal semua. Sementara itu di Eropa muncul jaringan komputer tandingan yang dikenal dengan Eunet, yang menyediakan jasa jaringan komputer di negara-negara Belanda, Inggris, Denmark dan Swedia. Jaringan Eunet menyediakan jasa e-mail dan newsgroup USENET.
Untuk menyeragamkan alamat di jaringan komputer yang ada, maka pada tahun 1984 diperkenalkan sistem nama domain, yang kini kita kenal dengan DNS atau Domain Name System. Komputer yang tersambung dengan jaringan yang ada sudah melebihi 1000 komputer lebih. Pada 1987 jumlah komputer yang tersambung ke jaringan melonjak 10 kali lipat manjadi 10.000 lebih. Tahun 1988, Jarko Oikarinen dari Finland menemukan dan sekaligus memperkenalkan IRC atau Internet Relay Chat. Setahun kemudian, jumlah komputer yang saling berhubungan kembali melonjak 10 kali lipat dalam setahun. Tak kurang dari 100.000 komputer kini membentuk sebuah jaringan. Tahun 1990 adalah tahun yang paling bersejarah, ketika Tim Berners Lee menemukan program editor dan browser yang bias menjelajah antara satu komputer dengan komputer yang lainnya, yang membentuk jaringan itu. Program inilah yang disebut www, atau Worl Wide Web. Tahun 1992, komputer yang saling tersambung membentuk jaringan sudah melampaui sejuta komputer, dan di tahun yang sama muncul istilah surfing the internet. Tahun 1994, situs internet telah tumbuh menjadi 3000 alamat halaman, dan untuk pertama kalinya virtual-shopping atau e-retail muncul di internet. Dunia langsung berubah. Pada tahun yang sama Yahoo! didirikan, yang juga sekaligus kelahiran Netscape Navigator 1.0.
- Internet Sekarang
Internet dijaga oleh perjanjian bi- atau multilateral dan spesifikasi teknikal (protokol yang menerangkan tentang perpindahan data antara rangkaian). Protokol-protokol ini dibentuk berdasarkan perbincangan Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), yang terbuka kepada umum. Badan ini mengeluarkan dokumen yang dikenali sebagai RFC (Request for Comments). Sebagian dari RFC dijadikan Standar Internet (Internet Standard), oleh Badan Arsitektur Internet (Internet Architecture Board - IAB). Protokol-protokol Internet yang sering digunakan adalah seperti, IP, TCP, UDP, DNS, PPP, SLIP, ICMP, POP3, IMAP, SMTP, HTTP, HTTPS, SSH, Telnet, FTP, LDAP, dan SSL. Beberapa layanan populer di Internet yang menggunakan protokol di atas, ialah email/surat elektronik, Usenet, Newsgroup, berbagi berkas (File Sharing), WWW (World Wide Web), Gopher, akses sesi (Session Access), WAIS, finger, IRC, MUD, dan MUSH. Di antara semua ini, email/surat elektronik dan World Wide Web lebih kerap digunakan, dan lebih banyak servis yang dibangun berdasarkannya, seperti milis (Mailing List) dan Weblog. Internet memungkinkan adanya servis terkini (Real-time service), seperti web radio, dan webcast, yang dapat diakses di seluruh dunia. Selain itu melalui Internet dimungkinkan untuk berkomunikasi secara langsung antara dua pengguna atau lebih melalui program pengirim pesan instan seperti Camfrog, Pidgin (Gaim), Trilian, Kopete, Yahoo! Messenger, MSN Messenger dan Windows Live Messenger. Beberapa servis Internet populer yang berdasarkan sistem tertutup (Proprietary System), adalah seperti IRC, ICQ, AIM, CDDB, dan Gnutella.
- Tujuan Internet
Pada awalnya, internet dan berbagai fasilitas di dalamnya memiliki tujuan sebagai berikut :
- Sebagai media melakukan transfer file
Transfer file yang dimaksud adalah untuk melakukan akses pada server lain yang jaraknya jauh, baik secara anonymous FTP (File Transfer Protocol) maupun yang bukan anonymous FTP.
- Sebagai sarana mengirim surat (email).
- Sebagai surat pembelajaran dan pendidikan.
- Sebagai sarana untuk penjualan atau pemasaran.
- Melakukan mailing list, newsgroup, dan konferensi.
Mailing list atau newsgroup digunakan untuk melakukan diskusi online dalam sebuah forum tertentu untuk membahas permasalahan tertentu bagi netter (pengguna internet) yang memiliki masalah dan topic yang sama.
- Chating
Chatting adalah sarana internet yang digunakan untuk berkomunikasi langsung melalui tulisan ataupun lisan.
- Mesin pencari (search engine)
Mesin pencari (search engine) merupakan fasilitas yang disediakan oleh situs-situs tertentu untuk mempermudah pencarian atau pelacakan informasi yang kita butuhkan secara cepat.
- Untuk mengirim SMS ke telepon seluler.
- Sarana entertainment dan permainan.
- Berbagi pakai file.
- Menyimpan file multimedia seperti, audio, foto, dokumen, maupun video
- Menjalin persahabatan / mencari teman baik local maupun mancanegara dengan situs jejaring sosial.
- Menyalurkan ide kreatif ide melalui blogging.
Namun lambat laun, tujuan awal dari fasilitas-fasilitas internet tersebut telah melenceng sehingga memberikan berbagai dampak, baik positif maupun negative bagi masyarakat, khususnya pelajar.
- Perkembangan Internet
Akhirnya, internet diharapkan dapat membantu mempercepat perkembangan pendidikan. Pendidikan lebih maju dan berkualitas. Pada gilirannya pendidikan dapat membantu mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa. Bangsa yang cerdas akan membantu meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat.
Selain dari dampak positif, internet juga berdampak negatif bagi para pelajar. Mencoba untuk melontarkan sebuah wacana dan berbagai fakta tentang sebuah persoalan baru di kota-kota besar yang juga tidak bisa dipandang sebelah mata. Walaupun masih berupa gejala awal, namun apabila tidak segera diatasi tentu akan berkembang menjadi “penyakit kronis” yang makin sulit untuk diatasi. saat ini telah terjadi pergeseran profil pengguna internet dan juga pergeseran orientasi pemanfaatannya. Pengguna internet terbesar saat ini adalah para pelajar SLTP diikuti oleh pelajar SLTA dan kalangan mahasiswa justru menempati urutan ketiga (kecuali di warnet yang berdekatan dengan kampus). Ada gejala menarik yaitu mulai maraknya pelajar SD bermain internet dan sudah “berani” nongol diwarung internet. Para orang tua tentu saat ini harus “rela” merogoh kocek lebih banyak untuk memenuhi keinginan anak-anaknya untuk bermain internet baik dirumah ataupun di warnet. Harapan orang tua tentulah ingin agar si-anak tidak ketinggalan jaman dan dengan ber-main internet si-anak bisa bertambah pintar. Namun benarkah demikian ?
Makin meratanya pengguna internet disatu sisi memang sangat menggembirakan, namun pergeseran orientasi penggunaan internet sudah sangat memprihatinkan. Dalam pengamatanku, bahwa Para pelajar SLTP, SLTA dan SD sebagian besar (>75%) menggunakan internet “hanya” untuk bermain game dan chatting. Dan rata-rata mereka rela menghabiskan waktu 3-5 jam/ hari dengan mengeluarkan uang Rp.7000 – Rp.30.000/hari untuk bermain internet. Dan anehnya kegiatan tersebut didukung oleh para orang tua. Pergeseran orientasi penggunaan internet tersebut belum ditangkap oleh para orang tua, sehingga setiap anaknya meminta uang berapapun untuk bermain internet selalu diberikan. Padahal yang terjadi adalah tidak ada unsur pendidikan apapun yang bisa didapatkan dari bermain game dan chatting. Memang tidak semua pelajar hanya menggunakan internet untuk bermain game dan chatting. Memang diantara mereka juga menggunakan internet untuk sarana mencari pengetahuan, namun yang melakukan hal itu jumlahnya tidaklah banyak. Game dan chatting bisa membawa effect “kecanduan”. Dan apabila sudah kecanduan tentu effect sampingnya akan membuat anak menjadi malas belajar, malas mengaji dan setiap ada kesempatan selalu berusaha untuk bermain game dan chatting. Dampak negatif bermain game hampir sama dengan dampak permainan Play Station dimana seseorang yang sudah kecanduan akan betah seharian bermain dan bahkan lupa makan, lupa minum dan lupa kalau hari esok masih ada. Sedangkan effect bermain game mungkin bisa digambarkan dengan permainan interkom yang marak sekitar 20 tahun yang lalu. Dimana hampir semua orang “lupa daratan” dan setiap hari kerjanya hanya bermain intercom (jika sudah memegang mic maka orang cenderung akan malas berangkat sekolah, malas berangkat kerja, malas membatu orang tua, malas untuk mengaji malas makan, malas minum dan sebagainya). Begitu juga dengan chatting.. para pelajar yang melakukan kegiatan ini menganggap waktu 5 jam sama dengan 10 menit. Dan mereka cenderung memanfaatkan chatting untuk sekedar ngobrol kesana-kemari dengan teman kencannya di internet dan bahkan tidak menutup kemungkinan juga mengarah kepada pembicaraan yang porno. Effect permainan game dan chatting ini justru lebih berbahaya dari kekhawatiran kita sekitar 5 tahun lalu tentang maraknya situs-situs porno. Karena berdasarkan pengamatan, ternyata situs porno hanya berefek pada euforia dan dalam waktu singkat mereka sudah akan bosan. Namun effect game dan chatting adalah “Effect Candu” yang bisa membuat penggunanya menjadi ketagihan dan ini yang sangat berbahaya bagi dunia pendidikan kita. Beberapa kejadian di Indonesia menunjukan ada kasus perkosaan oleh teman chatting, penipuan oleh teman chatting.
Sebagai bagian dari Teknologi Informasi, internet memang ibarat pisau bermata dua. Disatu sisi, teknologi ini bisa bermanfaat apabila digunakan untuk melakukan hal-hal yang baik dan bermanfaat, seperti: mencari bahan-bahan pelajaran sekolah, diskusi mata pelajaran, mencari program beasiswa, konsultasi dengan pakar, belajar jarak jauh, dan mencari metode-metode pengajaran berbasis multimedia. Namun sayangnya penggunaan internet justru malah bergeser kepada hal-hal yang negatif dan ini harus menjadi perhatian seluruh komponen masyarakat. Karena bagaimanapun kita tetap membutuhkan internet sebagai sarana informasi dan komunikasi yang bersifat global, namun disisi lain kitapun juga harus siap untuk melakukan antisipasi untuk mengatasi dampak-dampak negatifnya. Dan inilah persoalan bersama kita.
Mumpung semua ini masih berbentuk gejala, alangkah baiknya pemerintah, DPRD, dunia pendidikan, pengamat “IT” dan para pengamat sosial kemasyarakatan duduk bersama untuk membahas dan mencari solusi untuk mengatasinya. “Virus” yang membuat mereka “kecanduan” dan “virus” yang bisa menjebak mereka kedalam sebuah permasalahan. Yang paling penting adalah bagaimana kita mengemas teknologi ini agar mempunyai muatan pendidikan namun tetap menarik untuk dikunjungi oleh para pelajar sebagai pengguna internet (netter) mayoritas pada saat ini. Namun tetap semua akan dikembalikan lagi kepada para netter, karena dampak positif maupun negatif dari internet bergantung dari niat pemakainya.
Tag :
Computing,
Mark Zuckerberg asking for his salary equivalent to the salary of steve jobs
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| CEO Facebook - Mark Zuckerberg |
Facebook founder, Mark Zuckerberg, it really admire Steve Jobs. One proof, Zuckerberg willingly paid only one dollar per year starting next January 1, 2013, the same as that obtained by Jobs.
According to the prospectus documents (S-1) is filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (Capital Market Supervisory Agency), Zuckerberg's volunteered for a salary worth it.
In fact, in 2011 and then, one of the richest young man has a base salary of 500,000 U.S. dollars. In fact, he also received a bonus of 220 500 U.S. dollars in the first half of 2011.
Not only that, the documents also leaked that Zuckerberg received other compensation amounting to 789 529 U.S. dollars, including 692 679 U.S. dollars for the use and rental fees associated with private aircraft security program for family and friends over the past year.
Although only paid a dollar, students drop out of Harvard University dropout is going to receive other income, including from Zuckerberg on Facebook share ownership of 28.4 percent, or about 533.8 million shares.
In addition to Zuckerberg owned by 28.4 percent stake in Facebook also has been owned by President Jim Breyer Accel Management Company of 11.4 percent, Dustin Moskovitz (co-founder of Facebook) about 7.6 percent, the Internet investment firm Digital Sky Technologies (DST ) of 5.4 percent, and one of the early Facebook investor Peter Thiel, of 2.5 percent.
According to the prospectus documents (S-1) is filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (Capital Market Supervisory Agency), Zuckerberg's volunteered for a salary worth it.
In fact, in 2011 and then, one of the richest young man has a base salary of 500,000 U.S. dollars. In fact, he also received a bonus of 220 500 U.S. dollars in the first half of 2011.
Not only that, the documents also leaked that Zuckerberg received other compensation amounting to 789 529 U.S. dollars, including 692 679 U.S. dollars for the use and rental fees associated with private aircraft security program for family and friends over the past year.
Although only paid a dollar, students drop out of Harvard University dropout is going to receive other income, including from Zuckerberg on Facebook share ownership of 28.4 percent, or about 533.8 million shares.
In addition to Zuckerberg owned by 28.4 percent stake in Facebook also has been owned by President Jim Breyer Accel Management Company of 11.4 percent, Dustin Moskovitz (co-founder of Facebook) about 7.6 percent, the Internet investment firm Digital Sky Technologies (DST ) of 5.4 percent, and one of the early Facebook investor Peter Thiel, of 2.5 percent.
Tag :
Computing,
Beware, Your Mind Could Read by Computer
Scientist can read minds by using a computer program? It was like reading a science fiction book huh? Alternatively, there is usually only in scenes of a science fiction movie.
But that is not fiction. Scientists have found a way to read the human mind, using a computer program that can track brain activity and write it into text form.
Neurologist at the University of California Berkeley, inserting electrodes into the skull to monitor brain surgery patient information from their temporal lobes, which are used for the processing of words and images.
When patients listen to someone speaking, a computer program to analyze how the brain processes and reproduce the words they hear. The scientists believe the technique could also be used to read and report on what the patient would say next.
Cheating the system of the brainWriting in the journal PLoS Biology that this technology is an attempt to read the mind with the latest levels. Robert Knight, professor of psychology and neuroscience adds, the technology is very useful for patients who have difficulty speaking because their motor neurons were disrupted by a stroke.
In the study, scientists put up to 256 electrodes placed on the surface of the brain as they listened to male and female individual words including nouns, verbs, and the name.
A computer program then analyzed the activity of the electrode and reproduce the words they hear.
"Neuroscientists have long believed that the brain naturally works by translating aspects of the outside world, such as the spoken words of man, into electrical activity. These activities are translated back by the scientists, which translate the patterns of electrical activity re- to the original shape, "says Professor Jan Schnupp of the University of Oxford.
Only for certain patientsHowever, this mind-reading technology was reserved for patients who are undergoing brain surgery because of certain diseases such as epilepsy and brain tumors. The scientists and neuroscientists are conducting advanced research and make sure this technology as a future biomedical applications.
So, there are no devices that can be sold freely used to read the mind without medical supervision. Never once thought of being able to read your spouse or your boss's mind by using this technology.
With this research, the scientists were aware of how complex the human brain works. "We've tried to learn the system work, but it turns out the human brain to do more than what we could carefully.
There are many sides of the brain that can be investigated more deeply, using different methods, "said Brian Pasley, co-author of the study.
Tag :
Computing,
Understanding of Computer
Understanding Computers - Understanding The discussion this time the computer viewed from several aspects. The term computer has a broad meaning and is different for everyone. The term computer (computer) is taken from the Latin meaning computare count (to compute or to reckon).
Understanding of computers, classical computers
According Blissmer (1985), the computer is an electronic device capable of performing several tasks, which receives input, processes the input according to the instructions, keep the commandments and the results of its processing, and provides output in the form of information.
Meanwhile, according to Sanders (1985), the computer is an electronic system to manipulate data quickly and accurately as well as designed and organized in order to automatically receive and store input data, process it, and produce output based on the instructions that have been stored in the memory. And many more experts who try to define it differently on your computer. However, in essence it can be concluded that the computer isan electronic device that can accept input, process input, provide information, using a program stored in computer memory, can store the program and processing the results, and works automatically.
From the definition, there are three important terms, namely the input (data), data processing, and information (output). Data processing using a computer known as electronic data processing (EDP) or elecronic data processing (EDP). Data is a collection of events that removed from reality (facts), can be numbers, letters, special symbols, or combination of all three. Data still can not tell you much that needs to be further processed.
Data processing is a process of manipulation of data into a form that is more useful and more means, namely in the form of information. Thus, information is the result of a data processing activities that provide a more meaningful form of a fact. Therefore, the electronic data processing is the manipulation of data into a more meaningful form of an information by using an electronic device, namely a computer.
According to the Annual Computer (Robert H.Blissmer), the computer is an electronic device capable of performing several tasks as follows:
Understanding of computers, classical computers
According Blissmer (1985), the computer is an electronic device capable of performing several tasks, which receives input, processes the input according to the instructions, keep the commandments and the results of its processing, and provides output in the form of information.
Meanwhile, according to Sanders (1985), the computer is an electronic system to manipulate data quickly and accurately as well as designed and organized in order to automatically receive and store input data, process it, and produce output based on the instructions that have been stored in the memory. And many more experts who try to define it differently on your computer. However, in essence it can be concluded that the computer isan electronic device that can accept input, process input, provide information, using a program stored in computer memory, can store the program and processing the results, and works automatically.
From the definition, there are three important terms, namely the input (data), data processing, and information (output). Data processing using a computer known as electronic data processing (EDP) or elecronic data processing (EDP). Data is a collection of events that removed from reality (facts), can be numbers, letters, special symbols, or combination of all three. Data still can not tell you much that needs to be further processed.
Data processing is a process of manipulation of data into a form that is more useful and more means, namely in the form of information. Thus, information is the result of a data processing activities that provide a more meaningful form of a fact. Therefore, the electronic data processing is the manipulation of data into a more meaningful form of an information by using an electronic device, namely a computer.
According to the Annual Computer (Robert H.Blissmer), the computer is an electronic device capable of performing several tasks as follows:
- Receive input
- Input process was in accordance with programmnya
- Store the commands and the results of processing
- Provide output in the form of information
According to the Computer Today (Donald H.Sanders), the computer is an electronic system to manipulate data quickly and accurately as well as designed and organized in order to automatically receive and store input data, process it and produce output under the supervision of a step-by-step instructions that program stored in the memory (stored program).
According to the book Computer Organization (VC Hamacher, ZG Vranesic. SG Zaky), the computer is a fast electronic calculating machine can accept digital input information, process it in accordance with a program stored in the memory (stored program) and generate output information.
According to the book Introduction To The Computer, The Tool Of Busines (William M.Fouri), the computer is a data processing (data processor) that can do big and fast calculations, including calculations of arithmetic or logic operations, without intervention from humans operate during processing.
According to the book Introduction To Computers (Gordon B. Davis), a special type of computer is a computing tool that must have certain properties.
Of some definitions derived from a variety of books, it can be concluded that the computer is:
- Electronic equipment
- Can receive data input
- Can process data
- Can provide information
- Using a program stored in computer memory (stored program)
- Can save the program and the results of processing
- Work automatically
While the so-called program is a collection of detailed instructions or commands that have been prepared so that the computer can perform its functions in a manner that is certain.
Along with the development of the technology world then it might be Definition The computer itself will change according to context later. Interested in computers around my friend can read also the history of computers and an understanding of computer hardware.
Tag :
Computing,
computer history and development
Computer history and its development - Since the first, the data processing has been performed by humans. Humans also find mechanical appliances and electronics to help humans in the calculation and data processing in order to get results faster. Computers that we encounter today is a long evolution of human inventions from time immemorial in the form of mechanical or electronic devices
Currently the computer and its supporting tools have been included in every aspect of life and work. Computers are now capable of more than ordinary mathematical calculations. Among them are computer systems capable of gauze code reading supermarket shopping goods, which handles millions of telephone calls and communications, computer and internet networks that connect different parts of the world.
History of Computers in the period is:
- Traditional tools and Calculator Calculate the Mechanical
- First Generation Computers
- Second Generation Computers
- Third Generation Computers
- Fourth Generation Computers
- Fifth Generation Computer
History of Computers
A. First generation computers (1946 - 1959)
With the onset of World War II, countries involved in the war sought to develop to exploit their potential strategic computer.
This increased funding for computer development projects hastened technical progress.
- Colassus
- Mark I
- ENIAC
- EDVAC
- UNIVAC I
The first generation of computer characteristics are:
- The use of vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time very large)
- The existence of magnetic cylinders for the storage of data.
- Operating instructions are made specifically for a particular task.
- Each computer has a different kodebiner program called "machine language" (machine language). This made the computer difficult to program and the speed limit.
2. Second Generation Computers (1959 - 1964)
Stretch and LARC
The first machine that utilizes this new technology is a supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery Rand called LARC. These computers, which were developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability much in demand by atomic scientists. The machine was very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting.
There are only two LARC ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other at the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC Second-generation computers replaced machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses singkatansingakatan to replace the binary code.
In the early 1960s, began to appear successful second generation computers in business, in universities and in government. This second generation of computers is a fully computer using transistors. They also have the components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and programs.
The characteristics of the computer in the second generation:
- The use of transistors so that the smaller size
- The development of memory intimagnetik second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than its predecessor
- Replacement of asembly language into machine language
- Appears COBOL and FORTRAN programming language
3. Third Generation Computers (1964 - 1970)
Although the transistor is in many ways the vacuum tube, but the transistor generates substantial heat, which could potentially damage the computer's internal bagianbagian. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combined three electronic components in a small silicon disc made of quartz sand.
Scientists later managed to fit more into a chiptunggal components are called semiconductors. The result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) that enables the machine to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.
The characteristics of a computer on the third generation:
- The use of IC (Intregrated Circuit)
- The size of computers to become smaller
- The discovery of the Operating System
4. Fourth Generation Computers (1979 - present)
After IC, the only place to go was down the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components onto one chip. In the 1980's, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components on a single chip. UltraLarge Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. The ability to put so many components in a chip that berukurang half pushing coins falling computer prices and sizes. It also increased power, efficiency and reliability.
Intel 4004 chip that was made in 1971 to bring progress to the IC by putting all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a very small chip. Previously, the IC made to do a certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor could be manufactured and then programmed to meet all the requirements. Not long after, everyday household items like microwave ovens, televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel injection incorporated microprocessors.
Such developments allow The people accustomed to using a regular computer. The computer is no longer a dominance of large firms or government agencies. At pertengahantahun 1970s, computer assemblers offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minicomputers, sold with the software package that is easy to use by the layman. The most popular software at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In the early 1980s, such as the Atari 2600 video game consumer interest in home computers are more sophisticated and can be programmed.
In 1981, IBM introduced the use of the Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. Number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued evolution towards smaller sizes, from computers that are on the table (desktop computer) into a computer that can be put into bags (laptop), or even a computer that can be grasped (palmtop).
IBM PC to compete with the Apple Macintosh in the fight over the computer market. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the graphical system on his computer, while his rival was still using text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
At the present time, we know the way to the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPU made by Intel). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth-generation computers. Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, the way a new way to explore the potential to be developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, komputerkomputer can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each other. Computer networks allow computers to form a single electronic collaboration to accomplish a task process. By using direct cabling (also called local area network, LAN), or telephone cable, the network can become very large.
The characteristics of a computer on the fourth generation:
- The use of LSI, VLSI, ULSI
- The use of microprocessors
Many advances in the field of computer design and technology increasingly allows the creation of a fifth-generation computers. Two engineering advances which are mainly parallel processing capabilities, which will replace the von Neumann model. Von Neumann model will be replaced with a system that is able to coordinate a lot of CPU to work in unison. Another advance is superconductor technology that allows the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which in turn can accelerate the speed of information.
Japan is a country well known in the jargon of socialization and the fifth generation computer project. Institute ICOT (Institute for New Computer Technology) is also formed to make it happen. Many news stating that the project has failed, but some other information that the success of this fifth generation computer project will bring new changes in the world of computing paradigm. We wait for information which led to more valid and can enrich insights hasil.Anda computer by reading an article about the understanding of computers and other computer hardware what the heck? so please read.
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