How to care for skin health
Skin Care Tips Health. How To Take Care Skin Health. Skin health is important to be maintained. If our skin is not healthy, it would seem something less than ourselves. Maintaining Healthy skin is obligatory for everyone. Health Skin Care How much we can do. Here's Health Skin Care Tips. How To Take Care Skin Health
- Do not forget to clean the face, such as washing the face according to skin type. If you wear oily skin that contains almond and avocado, while the wear dry skin containing honey soap so skin looks moist, and if you can use a normal type or content of tea greentea. If the detergent contains a kind of face scrub, do not use every day but put on 2 times a week because the skin will quickly become dry and irritated. Do wash my face every day at least 2 times a day. With skin wash will avoid acne and skin will be fresh and supple.
- The second step is do not forget to shower at least 2 times a day, to do with the whole body, including shoulders back, the neck both front and rear areas, and the groin area and to miss the foot and toes.Perhaps we often forget when we bathe quickly finish our bath and in a hurry without regard to the body parts that we have clean, moments when we can clean the bathroom was the total of our body, even in the bath with aromatherapy, we can eliminate fatigue and body as well as our minds become more relaks.Terlebih day we sweat and the body becomes dirty, although not visible.
- The third step do not forget if you are traveling out of the room either at the office or field, do not forget to wear protective sunblock that does not burn the skin and into a dark and dry. Meanwhile, if the room air conditioning do not forget to wear a moisturizer or lotion to avoid dryness of skin wrinkles due to dry quickly.
- The latter do not forget to pay attention to food and beverages consumed for health every day, nutritious and high in fiber and contain fluids and minerals.
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Tips,
Tips to Stay Healthy
Age can not be prevented, but the symptoms of aging can be slowed. Take care of your face, because the skin is beautiful, healthy and clean, is a very valuable accessory.The characteristics of skin aging:
A. Facial skin looks dull / not bright.
2. Dry skin due to moisture gradually decreases.
3. Smooth wrinkles begin to appear on the lip line (smile line), tail eyes, and forehead.
4. Lots of brown spots around the face.
5. Enlarged pores.
To get the skin clean, glowing and healthy, you can start from here:
A. Clean your face. Select pembesih milk if dry skin, and cleansing foam if oily skin.
2. Wear skin protection. Wear sun protective skin cream in the afternoon to ward off UV rays that damage skin. And use a night cream to keep the humidity at the time of sleep, and wear eye cream for eye wrinkles are not fast.
3. Scrub routine. Do a facial scrub once semingu that dirt was clogging the pores can be removed with a fine grain-granulated.
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4. Wear a mask. Mask can tighten pores and provides nutrients to the skin. Choose a mask that contains vitamins (read the label on the back).
5. Vitamin consumption. Fresh fruits containing vitamin C and good for white water and fluid intake of vitamins that are beneficial for the skin.
6. Exercise did. Walking, yoga or other exercise both to smooth the effect on the respiratory metabolism.
7. Release the stress. Many ways to relieve stress, for example, by exchanging ideas with friends or doing a fun hobby.
8. Enough sleep. Getting enough sleep makes your skin a rest and restore damaged cells.
9. Healthy Eating. Avoid fatty foods in excess, such as meat or beans.
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Tips,
IP Spoofing
- Why it works ?
IP-Spoofing works because trusted services only rely on network address based authentication. Since IP is easily duped, address forgery is not difficult.
The main reason is security weakness in the TCP protocol known as sequence number prediction.
- How it works ?
To completely understand how ip spoofing can take place, one must examine the structure of the TCP/IP protocol suite. A basic understanding of these headers and network exchanges is crucial to the process.
- Internet Protocol (IP) :
It is a network protocol operating at layer 3 (network) of the OSI model. It is a connectionless model, meaning there is no information regarding transaction state, which is used to route packets on a network. Additionally, there is no method in place to ensure that a packet is properly delivered to the destination.
Examining the IP header, we can see that the first 12 bytes (or the top 3 rows of the header) contain various information about the packet. The next 8 bytes (the next 2 rows), however, contains the source and destination IP addresses. Using one of several tools, an attacker can easily modify these addresses – specifically the “source address” field.
- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) :
It is the connection-oriented, reliable transport protocol in the TCP/IP suite. Connection-oriented simply means that the two hosts participating in a discussion must first establish a connection via the 3-way handshake (SYN-SYN/ACK-ACK). Reliability is provided by data sequencing and acknowledgement. TCP assigns sequence numbers to every segment and acknowledges any and all data segments recieved from the other end.
As you can see above, the first 12 bytes of the TCP packet, which contain port and sequencing information.
TCP sequence numbers can simply be thought of as 32-bit counters. They range from 0 to 4,294,967,295. Every byte of data exchanged across a TCP connection (along with certain flags) is sequenced. The sequence number field in the TCP header will contain the sequence number of the *first* byte of data in the TCP segment. The acknowledgement number field in the TCP header holds the value of next *expected* sequence number, and also acknowledges *all* data up through this ACK number minus one.
TCP packets can be manipulated using several packet crafting softwares available on the internet.
- The Attack
IP-spoofing consists of several steps. First, the target host is choosen. Next, a pattern of trust is discovered, along with a trusted host. The trusted host is then disabled, and the target's TCP sequence numbers are sampled. The trusted host is impersonated, the sequence numbers guessed, and a connection attempt is made to a service that only requires address-based authentication. If successful, the attacker executes a simple command to leave a backdoor.
Spoofing can be implemented by different ways as given below -
Non-Blind Spoofing : This type of attack takes place when the attacker is on the same subnet as the victim. The sequence and acknowledgement numbers can be sniffed, eliminating the potential difficulty of calculating them accurately.
Blind Spoofing : Here the sequence and acknowledgement numbers are unreachable. In order to circumvent this, several packets are sent to the target machine in order to sample sequence numbers.
Both types of spoofing are forms of a common security violation known as a Man In The Middle Attack. In these attacks, a malicious party intercepts a legitimate communication between two friendly parties. The malicious host then controls the flow of communication and can eliminate or alter the information sent by one of the original participants without the knowledge of either the original sender or the recipient. In this way, an attacker can fool a victim into disclosing confidential information by “spoofing” the identity of the original sender, who is presumably trusted by the recipient.
IP spoofing is almost always used in what is currently one of the most difficult attacks to defend against – Denial of Service attacks, or DoS.
CounterMeasures
- Filtering at the Router : Implementing ingress and egress filtering on your border routers is a great place to start your spoofing defense. You will need to implement an ACL (access control list)
- Encryption and Authentication : Implementing encryption and authentication will also reduce spoofing threats. Both of these features are included in Ipv6, which will eliminate current spoofing threats.
- Initial Sequence Number Randomizing.
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Hacking,
Wireless Hacker
The step by step procerdure in wireless hacking can be explained with help of different topics as follows:-
- Stations and Access Points :- A wireless network interface card (adapter) is a device, called a station, providing the network physical layer over a radio link to another station.An access point (AP) is a station that provides frame distribution service to stations associated with it.The AP itself is typically connected by wire to a LAN. Each AP has a 0 to 32 byte long Service Set Identifier (SSID) that is also commonly called a network name. The SSID is used to segment the airwaves for usage.
- Channels :- The stations communicate with each other using radio frequencies between 2.4 GHz and 2.5 GHz. Neighboring channels are only 5 MHz apart. Two wireless networks using neighboring channels may interfere with each other.
- Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) :- It is a shared-secret key encryption system used to encrypt packets transmitted between a station and an AP. The WEP algorithm is intended to protect wireless communication from eavesdropping. A secondary function of WEP is to prevent unauthorized access to a wireless network. WEP encrypts the payload of data packets. Management and control frames are always transmitted in the clear. WEP uses the RC4 encryption algorithm.
- Wireless Network Sniffing :- Sniffing is eavesdropping on the network. A (packet) sniffer is a program that intercepts and decodes network traffic broadcast through a medium. It is easier to sniff wireless networks than wired ones. Sniffing can also help find the easy kill as in scanning for open access points that allow anyone to connect, or capturing the passwords used in a connection session that does not even use WEP, or in telnet, rlogin and ftp connections.
- Passive Scanning :- Scanning is the act of sniffing by tuning to various radio channels of the devices. A passive network scanner instructs the wireless card to listen to each channel for a few messages. This does not reveal the presence of the scanner. An attacker can passively scan without transmitting at all.
- Detection of SSID :- The attacker can discover the SSID of a network usually by passive scanning because the SSID occurs in the following frame types: Beacon, Probe Requests, Probe Responses, Association Requests, and Reassociation Requests. Recall that management frames are always in the clear, even when WEP is enabled.When the above methods fail, SSID discovery is done by active scanning
- Collecting the MAC Addresses :- The attacker gathers legitimate MAC addresses for use later in constructing spoofed frames. The source and destination MAC addresses are always in the clear in all the frames.
- Collecting the Frames for Cracking WEP :- The goal of an attacker is to discover the WEP shared-secret key. The attacker sniffs a large number of frames An example of a WEP cracking tool is AirSnort ( http://airsnort.shmoo.com ).
- Detection of the Sniffers :- Detecting the presence of a wireless sniffer, who remains radio-silent, through network security measures is virtually impossible. Once the attacker begins probing (i.e., by injecting packets), the presence and the coordinates of the wireless device can be detected.
- Wireless Spoofing :- There are well-known attack techniques known as spoofing in both wired and wireless networks. The attacker constructs frames by filling selected fields that contain addresses or identifiers with legitimate looking but non-existent values, or with values that belong to others. The attacker would have collected these legitimate values through sniffing.
- MAC Address Spoofing :- The attacker generally desires to be hidden. But the probing activity injects frames that are observable by system administrators. The attacker fills the Sender MAC Address field of the injected frames with a spoofed value so that his equipment is not identified.
- IP spoofing :- Replacing the true IP address of the sender (or, in rare cases, the destination) with a different address is known as IP spoofing. This is a necessary operation in many attacks
- Frame Spoofing :- The attacker will inject frames that are valid but whose content is carefully spoofed.
- Wireless Network Probing :- The attacker then sends artificially constructed packets to a target that trigger useful responses. This activity is known as probing or active scanning.
- AP Weaknesses :- APs have weaknesses that are both due to design mistakes and user interfaces
- Trojan AP :- An attacker sets up an AP so that the targeted station receives a stronger signal from it than what it receives from a legitimate AP.
- Denial of Service :- A denial of service (DoS) occurs when a system is not providing services to authorized clients because of resource exhaustion by unauthorized clients. In wireless networks, DoS attacks are difficult to prevent, difficult to stop. An on-going attack and the victim and its clients may not even detect the attacks. The duration of such DoS may range from milliseconds to hours. A DoS attack against an individual station enables session hijacking.
- Jamming the Air Waves :- A number of consumer appliances such as microwave ovens, baby monitors, and cordless phones operate on the unregulated 2.4GHz radio frequency. An attacker can unleash large amounts of noise using these devices and jam the airwaves so that the signal to noise drops so low, that the wireless LAN ceases to function.
- War Driving :- Equipped with wireless devices and related tools, and driving around in a vehicle or parking at interesting places with a goal of discovering easy-to-get-into wireless networks is known as war driving. War-drivers (http://www.wardrive.net) define war driving as “The benign act of locating and logging wireless access points while in motion.” This benign act is of course useful to the attackers.
Regardless of the protocols, wireless networks will remain potentially insecure because an attacker can listen in without gaining physical access.
Tips for Wireless Home Network Security
- Change Default Administrator Passwords (and Usernames)
- Turn on (Compatible) WPA / WEP Encryption
- Change the Default SSID
- Disable SSID Broadcast
- Assign Static IP Addresses to Devices
- Enable MAC Address Filtering
- Turn Off the Network During Extended Periods of Non-Use
- Position the Router or Access Point Safely
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Hacking,
